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| 431 BC |
| | | A sudden attack on Plataea (an ally of Athens) by Thebes (an ally of Sparta) begins the Second Peloponnesian War | |
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| 430 BC |
| | | A plague strikes Athens in the second year of the Peloponnesian War | |
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| 218 BC |
| | | Hannibal crosses the Alps with his elephants, beginning the Second Punic War | |
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| 217 BC |
| | | Hannibal surprises and traps a Roman army on a narrow plain beside Lake Trasimene | |
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| 216 BC |
| | | Hannibal destroys a Roman army at Cannae, in the most severe defeat ever suffered by Rome | |
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| 202 BC |
| | | Hannibal suffers his first decisive defeat by a Roman army, at an unidentified site in north Africa called Zama | |
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| 201 BC |
| | | Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War | |
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| -82 BC |
| | | Sulla takes Rome for the second time, after a battle at the Colline Gate, and then publishes his lethal 'proscriptions' | |
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| 1144 |
| | | The fall of Edessa prompts the pope, Eugenius III, to call for a second crusade to defend the Latin kingdom | |
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| 1281 |
| | | For the second time Japan is saved from Mongol invasion by powerful storms - which are given the name kamikaze, or 'divine wind' | |
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